Comet C/1999 S4:
Chandra Solves Mystery Of Cometary X-Rays

X-rays from Comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). On July 14, 2000 the Chandra X-ray Observatory imaged the comet repeatedly for a total of 2 ½ hours and detected X-rays from oxygen and nitrogen ions. The details of the X-ray emission, as recorded on Chandra's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer, show that the X-rays are produced by collisions of ions racing away from the Sun (solar wind) with gas in the comet. In the collision the solar ion captures an electron from a cometary atom into a high energy state. The solar ion then kicks out an X-ray as the electron drops to a lower energy state.

The Chandra observations showed variations in the amount of X-rays produced by the comet. These were probably due to a solar flare that occurred on July 12 which would have increased the intensity of the solar wind.

Previously, several models had been proposed to explain how comets could produce X-rays. The Chandra observation of C/1999 S4 proves the model described above. Now it is possible to study the chemistry of the solar wind, and the structure of the comet's atmosphere.

The colors represent the intensity of the X-rays with white being the most intense, then yellow, orange, and red.

Note: Chandra's image of Comet LINEAR was updated to incorporate new data that brings out the faint extended emission around the comet, correctly label the position of the nucleus, and remove certain processing artifacts. The original image, released in July 2000, can be found in the More Images section. [24 Jan 03]

Fast Facts for Comet C/1999 S4: Credit  NASA/CXC/C.Lisse, S.Wolk, et al. Scale  Image is 10 x 10 arcmin across. Category  Solar System Coordinates (J2000)  RA | Dec Constellation  null Observation Dates  July 14, 2000 Observation Time  3 hours Obs. IDs  1748-1754, 0584 Color Code  Intensity Instrument  ACIS Distance Estimate  120 million kilometers Release Date  July 27, 2000