More Images of Galaxy Clusters & the Hubble Constant

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Chandra X-ray Image of CL 0016+1609 A critically important number that sets the expansion rate of the Universe, the so-called Hubble constant, has been independently determined using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. This new value matches recent measurements using other methods and extends their validity to greater distances and thus allows astronomers to probe earlier epochs in the evolution of the Universe. These images show six of the 38 galaxy clusters that scientists observed with Chandra. Fast Facts for CL 0016+1609: Credit  NASA/CXC/MSFC/M.Bonamente et al. Scale  Image is 4.4 arcmin across Coordinates (J2000)  RA 00h 18m 33.50s | Dec +16º 26' 12.50" Constellation  Pisces Observation Date  18 Aug 2000 Observation Time  19 hours Obs. ID  520 Distance Estimate  About 4.5 billion (z=0.54) light years

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Chandra X-ray Image of Abell 665 Fast Facts for Abell 665: Credit  NASA/CXC/MSFC/M.Bonamente et al. Scale  Image is 5.6 arcmin across Coordinates (J2000)  RA 08h 30m 58.10s | Dec +65º 50' 51.60" Constellation  Ursa Major Observation Date  28 Dec 2002 Observation Time  8 hours Obs. ID  3586 Distance Estimate  About 2.2 billion (z=0.18) light years

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Chandra X-ray Image of MACS J1149.5+223 Fast Facts for MACS J1149.5+223: Credit  NASA/CXC/MSFC/M.Bonamente et al. Scale  Image is 4.2 arcmin across Coordinates (J2000)  RA 11h 49m 35.50s | Dec +22º 24' 02.30" Constellation  Leo Minor Observation Date  01 Jun 2001, 07 Feb 2003 Observation Time  11 hours Obs. ID  1656, 3589 Distance Estimate  About 2.6 billion (z=0.54) light years

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Chandra X-ray Image of CL J1226.9+3332 Fast Facts for CL J1226.9+3332: Credit  NASA/CXC/MSFC/M.Bonamente et al. Scale  Image is 4.4 arcmin across Coordinates (J2000)  RA 12h 26m 57.90s | Dec +33º 32' 47.40" Constellation  Canes Venatici Observation Date  27 Jan 2003, 31 Jul 2000 Observation Time  12 hours Obs. ID  3180, 932 Distance Estimate  About 3.5 billion (z=0.89) light years

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Chandra X-ray Image of Abell 1689 Fast Facts for Abell 1689: Credit  NASA/CXC/MSFC/M.Bonamente et al. Scale  Image is 8.1 arcmin across Coordinates (J2000)  RA 13h 11m 29.50s | Dec -01º 20' 28.20" Constellation  Virgo Observation Date  07 Jan 2001, 15 Apr 2000 Observation Time  6 hours Obs. ID  1663, 540 Distance Estimate  About 2.1 billion (z=0.18) light years

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Chandra X-ray Image of Abell 1914 Fast Facts for Abell 1914: Credit  NASA/CXC/MSFC/M.Bonamente et al. Scale  Image is 7.6 arcmin across Coordinates (J2000)  RA 14h 26m 00.80s | Dec +37º 49' 35.70" Constellation  Boötes Observation Date  03 Sep 2003, 21 Nov 1999 Observation Time  7 hours Obs. ID  3593, 542 Distance Estimate  About 1.4 billion (z=0.17) light years

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Illustration of Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect The astronomers in this study used a phenomenon known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, where photons in the cosmic microwave background interact with electrons in the hot gas that pervades the enormous galaxy clusters. The photons acquire energy from this interaction, which distorts the signal from the microwave background in the direction of the clusters. This illustration depicts this concept graphically by the broad bright beams emanating from the cluster. (Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)

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CL 0016+1609 with Scale Bar